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As a new way for the high-value utilization of red mud (RM) waste, we proposed an improved approach to prepare the RM-based sludge/powder via the sulfuric acid hydrothermal dissolution and NH 3 aqueous precipitation route and then the RM-based industrial-sized honeycomb (150 × 150 × 600 mm) was successfully produced by the extrusion moulding method in pilot scale.
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Although utilization of the red mud as building material and as an absorbent is attractive because the red mud is used in bulk, nothing can be done without discarding valuable components such as titanium, zirconium and the main iron. Hydrotalcite-synthesis connected with recycling of alkali-solution is a prospective way for effective use of the solution under the strong demand for the
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Insoluble components of the bauxite are removed by digesting the ore with very hot caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) in the Bayer process. A waste by product of the Bayer process for producing al oxide from the bauxite ore, red mud contains toxic heavy metals and its high alkalinity makes it extremely corrosive and damaging to soil and life forms, presenting a massive problem for disposal. Toxic
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As much as half of red mud is iron oxide, from which it gets its rusty color. Other major components include aluminum, silicon, titanium, calcium, and sodium oxides. The material includes trace
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Ideally, to demonstrate its potential as a concrete constituent, red mud should be tested in the as-received condition; hence, the free water present in the mud should be considered a mortar mix component. The red mud had a specific surface area of 20.27 m 2 /g, as indicated by the particle fineness shown in Figure 4.
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01.05.2018· Carbonation using CO2 appears as an attractive solution for disposing of red mud suspensions, an aluminum industry hazardous waste since it also offers an option for CO2 sequestration. Here we report the novel findings that CO32- together with Ca2+ can significantly affect the surface properties and settling of goethite, a major component of red mud. Specifically, their effects on the
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Ideally, to demonstrate its potential as a concrete constituent, red mud should be tested in the as-received condition; hence, the free water present in the mud should be considered a mortar mix component. The red mud had a specific surface area of 20.27 m 2 /g, as indicated by the particle fineness shown in Figure 4.
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The main constituents of red mud are a mixture of solid unreacted metallic oxides (Table I), with the red color arising from iron oxides (typically 45% of the mass). In addition to iron, the other dominant components include silica, unleached residual alumina, titanium oxide, and caustic. The final red mud contains a residual level of caustic liquid (or alkalinity), with a pH of approximately
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Red Mud is the main by-product of aluminium production in Bayer plants. The storage of large amounts of Red Mud in landfills generally creates not only serious environmental problems for the local population because of its high level of alkalinity (usually near pH 12–13), but also economic problems for
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Red Clay – CCA 2.0 Generic by CC:BY. Red clay or red mud, is the common name for a variety of ultisol found in the SE United States. Residents who live in the area often speak poorly of the soil, although in fact it isn't as poor as all that. Some dislike it because it is hard to keep their clothes and homes clean.
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meters highly alkaline (around 13 pH) red mud and technological water flooded the surroundings: various parts of the municipalities of Kolontár, Devecser, and Somlóvásárhely along the Torna creek valley (see Figure 1.). The catastrophe resulted in 10 casualties, while 286 persons had to be treated by medical personnel, damaged 367 properties, and covered 1017 hectares land. Based on
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As much as half of red mud is iron oxide, from which it gets its rusty color. Other major components include aluminum, silicon, titanium, calcium, and sodium oxides. The material includes trace
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Iron(III) oxide, the compound from which the red colour originates, is the main component, but it also contains other compounds. The mud, which is highly alkaline when it is first produced, is stored in large open-air ponds; It is thought that there are about 30 million tonnes of red mud stored around the Ajkai Timföldgyár plant.
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The high concentration of iron compounds in the bauxite gives the by-product its characteristic red colour, and hence its common name "Red Mud". Initially, the residue is washed, to extract as much valuable caustic soda and dissolved alumina as possible. The caustic soda is recycled back into the digestion process, reducing production costs and in turn lowering the alkalinity of the
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PDF | On Feb 18, 2016, Viktor L. Rayzman published Red Mud Revisited-Viktor L | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate
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The amount of alkali in red mud fluid is about 2 to 3 g/L (calculated by Na2O), which results in a pH value between 13 and 14. Tables 1 and 2 list the chemical and mineral compositions of three kinds of red mud that are produced by the Bayer process, sintering and Bayer-sintering process. Table 1. The main chemical constituents of red mud (%) [4].
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If red mud is completely neutralised, 15-20 times the volume of sea water is required. This requires extensive and expensive pumping and although results in an inert product, it is completely worthless. However, Virotec has found that slightly less than complete neutralisation can be achieved with much less seawater. For example, if untreated red mud has a pH of about 13.5 and an alkalinity of
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Component Min Max Typical Al 2 O 3 6 20 15 Fe 2 O 3 34 64 47 Na 2 O 0.5 7.5 3.3 Moisture 7 20 12 Quality of shipped red mud product: • Simple preparation at disposal site by passing mud slurry via system of ponds and channels followed by excavating and drying; • Low cost of processing, no capex; • Up to 250,000 tpa of RM shipped to 10 cement plants in Ukraine, Russia, Moldova, Belorussia
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100 000 liters of alkaline water stored in the neighboring reservoir has been neutralized by using acid. After that, the cleaning of the Torna stream has begun by draining away the content of the older reservoir. Red mud is a hazardous solid waste product of refining bauxite containing minerals insoluble by natron and solid salts formed by compounds reactable with alkali. Fig. 1. The reservoir
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18.09.2011· This paper provides a review on the utilization of red mud in cement production, and it clearly points out three directions for the use of red mud in cement production, namely the preparation of cement clinkers, production of composite cements as well as alkali-activated cements. In the present paper, the chemical and mineralogical characteristics of red mud are summarized, and the current
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